17.8.5 Module Quiz - Build A Small Network

Building a small network might seem daunting at first, but with the right approach and understanding of fundamental networking concepts, it can be an achievable and rewarding project. This guide will walk you through the essential steps to build a small network, covering planning, hardware selection, configuration, and troubleshooting.

Planning Your Small Network

Before diving into hardware or configurations, meticulously planning your network is crucial. This phase defines the network's purpose, size, and future scalability.

Define Network Purpose

Understanding what the network will be used for is the foundation. Are you setting up a home network for internet access, streaming, and file sharing? Or perhaps a small office network for business operations, shared resources, and client connectivity? Clearly defining the purpose will drive hardware choices and security considerations.

Determine Network Size

Estimate the number of devices that will connect to the network. Consider computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets, printers, smart TVs, and any other network-enabled devices. Planning for future growth is also important. Will you likely add more devices in the coming years?

Choose Network Topology

The network topology refers to the arrangement of devices and connections within the network. Common topologies include:

• Star Topology: This is the most common topology for small networks. All devices connect to a central hub or switch. It's easy to manage and troubleshoot.
• Bus Topology: Devices connect to a single cable (the bus). This is less common due to its vulnerability; a break in the cable can disrupt the entire network.
• Ring Topology: Devices connect in a circular fashion, with each device connecting to two others. Data travels in one direction around the ring.
• Mesh Topology: Devices are interconnected with multiple paths. This provides high redundancy but can be complex and expensive to implement.

For most small networks, star topology using a switch is the most practical and efficient choice.

IP Addressing Scheme

Plan your IP addressing scheme. Private IP addresses are used within the local network and are not routable on the internet. Common private IP address ranges include:

• 192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.255: Often used for home networks.
• 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.0.255: Another common range for home networks.
• 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255: Suitable for larger networks.
• 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255: Another option for medium-sized networks.

Decide whether you'll use Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to automatically assign IP addresses or assign static IP addresses manually. DHCP is generally easier for home networks, while static IP addresses might be preferred for servers or printers that require consistent addresses.

Security Considerations

Security is paramount. Plan how you'll secure your network. This includes:

• Strong Passwords: Use strong, unique passwords for your router and all network devices.
• Firewall: Enable the firewall on your router to protect against unauthorized access.
• Wireless Encryption: Use WPA3 encryption for your wireless network.
• Guest Network: Create a guest network for visitors to isolate their devices from your main network.
• Regular Updates: Keep your router and devices updated with the latest security patches.

Budget and Scalability

Establish a budget for your network build and consider future scalability. Choose hardware that meets your current needs but can also accommodate future growth.

Selecting the Right Hardware

Choosing the appropriate hardware is essential for a stable and efficient network. Here's a breakdown of the key components:

Router

The router is the heart of your network. It connects your network to the internet and provides essential features like DHCP, firewall, and network address translation (NAT).

• Considerations:

  • WAN Port: Ensure the router has a WAN (Wide Area Network) port to connect to your internet modem.
  • LAN Ports: The number of LAN (Local Area Network) ports determines how many wired devices you can connect directly.
  • Wireless Capabilities: Choose a router with the latest Wi-Fi standards (Wi-Fi 6 or Wi-Fi 6E) for optimal wireless performance.
  • Processing Power: A router with a faster processor can handle more traffic and features without slowing down.
  • Features: Look for features like Quality of Service (QoS) to prioritize traffic, parental controls, and VPN support.

• Recommendations:

  • Entry-Level: TP-Link Archer AX1500, Netgear R6700AX
  • Mid-Range: ASUS RT-AX82U, TP-Link Archer AX55
  • High-End: Netgear Nighthawk RAXE500, ASUS ROG Rapture GT-AX11000

Switch

A switch is used to connect multiple devices within your local network. It's essential for expanding the number of wired connections beyond what your router provides.

• Considerations:

  • Number of Ports: Choose a switch with enough ports to accommodate your wired devices.
  • Speed: Gigabit Ethernet switches (1000 Mbps) are recommended for modern networks.
  • Managed vs. Unmanaged: Unmanaged switches are plug-and-play and require no configuration. Managed switches offer advanced features like VLANs and QoS. For most small networks, an unmanaged switch is sufficient.
  • PoE (Power over Ethernet): If you plan to use PoE devices like IP cameras or VoIP phones, choose a switch with PoE ports.

• Recommendations:

  • Unmanaged: NETGEAR 8-Port Gigabit Ethernet Unmanaged Switch (GS308), TP-Link 8 Port Gigabit Ethernet Network Switch (TL-SG108)
  • Managed: NETGEAR 8-Port Gigabit Ethernet Smart Managed Plus Switch (GS108E), TP-Link 8-Port Gigabit Easy Smart Managed Switch (TL-SG108E)

Network Cables

High-quality network cables are crucial for reliable network performance.

• Considerations:

  • Category: Use Cat5e or Cat6 cables for Gigabit Ethernet. Cat6a cables offer even better performance but are typically more expensive.
  • Length: Choose cables of the appropriate length to avoid signal degradation.
  • Shielding: Shielded cables (STP) are recommended for environments with high electromagnetic interference.

• Recommendations:

  • Monoprice Cat6 Ethernet Patch Cable
  • Cable Matters Cat6 Snagless Ethernet Patch Cable

Wireless Access Point (Optional)

If you need to extend your wireless network coverage, consider adding a wireless access point (WAP).

• Considerations:

  • Wi-Fi Standard: Choose a WAP that supports the latest Wi-Fi standards (Wi-Fi 6 or Wi-Fi 6E).
  • Placement: Place the WAP in a central location to maximize coverage.
  • Power over Ethernet (PoE): A PoE WAP can be powered over the network cable, simplifying installation.

• Recommendations:

  • TP-Link EAP225
  • Ubiquiti UniFi AC Lite

Network Interface Cards (NICs)

Ensure all your devices have compatible network interface cards (NICs). Most modern computers have built-in Gigabit Ethernet NICs. For older devices, you may need to add a NIC.

Configuring Your Network

Once you have your hardware, you can begin configuring your network.

Router Configuration

1. Connect to the Router: Connect your computer to the router using an Ethernet cable.
2. Access the Router's Web Interface: Open a web browser and enter the router's IP address. This is usually found in the router's documentation or on a sticker on the router itself. Common IP addresses include 192.168.1.1, 192.168.0.1, or 10.0.0.1.
3. Login: Enter the router's username and password. The default username and password are often "admin" or "password," but you should change them immediately for security reasons.
4. Configure Internet Connection: Configure the router's WAN settings to connect to your internet service provider (ISP). This usually involves selecting the connection type (e.g., DHCP, PPPoE, Static IP) and entering any required information provided by your ISP.
5. Configure Wireless Settings:
   • SSID (Service Set Identifier): This is the name of your wireless network. Choose a unique and descriptive SSID.
   • Security Mode: Select WPA3 for the strongest security. If some of your devices don't support WPA3, use WPA2/WPA3 Mixed Mode.
   • Password: Create a strong and unique password for your wireless network.
6. Enable DHCP: Ensure that DHCP is enabled on the router to automatically assign IP addresses to devices on your network.
7. Change Default Password: Change the router's default username and password to a strong and unique password.
8. Enable Firewall: Enable the router's built-in firewall to protect your network from unauthorized access.
9. Configure Guest Network (Optional): Create a guest network with a separate SSID and password for visitors. This isolates their devices from your main network.
10. Apply and Reboot: Save your changes and reboot the router.

Switch Configuration (If Applicable)

Unmanaged switches typically require no configuration. Simply plug in your devices, and they should automatically connect to the network.

Managed switches offer advanced configuration options through a web interface or command-line interface (CLI). Consult the switch's documentation for specific configuration instructions.

Device Configuration

1. Wired Devices: Connect wired devices to the switch or router using Ethernet cables. They should automatically obtain an IP address from the router's DHCP server.
2. Wireless Devices: Connect wireless devices to your Wi-Fi network by selecting the SSID and entering the password.
3. Static IP Addresses (If Applicable): If you need to assign static IP addresses to certain devices (e.g., servers, printers), configure the IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS server settings on the device. Make sure the static IP addresses are outside the DHCP range to avoid conflicts.

Troubleshooting Common Network Issues

Even with careful planning and configuration, network issues can arise. Here are some common problems and how to troubleshoot them:

No Internet Connection

• Check the Router: Ensure the router is powered on and connected to the internet modem. Check the router's web interface to see if it has a valid IP address from your ISP.
• Check the Modem: Ensure the modem is powered on and properly connected to the internet. Try restarting the modem and router.
• Check Cables: Ensure all network cables are securely connected.
• Contact Your ISP: If you've checked everything else and still have no internet connection, contact your ISP for assistance.

Slow Network Performance

• Check Network Congestion: Too many devices using the network simultaneously can cause slow performance. Try disconnecting some devices to see if it improves.
• Check Wireless Signal Strength: A weak wireless signal can result in slow speeds. Move closer to the router or access point, or consider adding a wireless repeater.
• Check Router Firmware: Ensure your router is running the latest firmware. Firmware updates often include performance improvements and bug fixes.
• Check for Malware: Run a virus scan on your devices to check for malware that might be consuming network bandwidth.
• Use QoS: Configure Quality of Service (QoS) on your router to prioritize traffic for important applications like video streaming or online gaming.

Wireless Connectivity Issues

• Check Wireless Password: Ensure you're entering the correct wireless password.
• Check Wireless Interference: Wireless interference from other devices (e.g., microwaves, cordless phones) can cause connectivity problems. Try changing the Wi-Fi channel on your router.
• Check Router Placement: The location of your router can affect wireless coverage. Place the router in a central location, away from obstructions like walls and metal objects.
• Update Wireless Drivers: Ensure your wireless adapter drivers are up to date.

Device Cannot Obtain an IP Address

• Check DHCP Server: Ensure that DHCP is enabled on your router.
• Release and Renew IP Address: On your device, try releasing and renewing the IP address. In Windows, you can do this by opening the command prompt and typing ipconfig /release followed by ipconfig /renew.
• Check for IP Address Conflicts: If two devices have the same IP address, it can cause connectivity problems. Assign static IP addresses to devices that require them, ensuring they are outside the DHCP range.

Cannot Access Specific Websites

• Check DNS Settings: Ensure your DNS settings are correct. You can use the default DNS servers provided by your ISP or use public DNS servers like Google DNS (8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4) or Cloudflare DNS (1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1).
• Check Firewall Settings: The firewall might be blocking access to certain websites. Check your firewall settings to ensure that the website is not blocked.
• Check Router Settings: Some routers have website filtering features that can block access to certain websites. Check your router settings to ensure that the website is not blocked.

Expanding Your Network

As your needs grow, you may need to expand your network. Here are some ways to do this:

• Add a Switch: If you need more wired connections, add another switch to your network.
• Add a Wireless Access Point: If you need to extend your wireless coverage, add a wireless access point.
• Upgrade Your Router: If your router is struggling to handle the traffic on your network, upgrade to a more powerful router.
• Implement VLANs (Virtual LANs): VLANs can be used to segment your network into logical groups, improving security and performance. This is typically done with managed switches.
• Use a Mesh Wi-Fi System: Mesh Wi-Fi systems use multiple nodes to create a seamless wireless network with wider coverage.

Security Best Practices

Maintaining a secure network is an ongoing process. Here are some best practices to follow:

• Use Strong Passwords: Use strong, unique passwords for all your network devices and accounts.
• Enable Firewall: Enable the firewall on your router and devices.
• Use WPA3 Encryption: Use WPA3 encryption for your wireless network.
• Keep Software Updated: Keep your router, devices, and software updated with the latest security patches.
• Disable Remote Management: Disable remote management on your router unless you need it.
• Enable Logging: Enable logging on your router to monitor network activity.
• Educate Users: Educate users about security threats and best practices.
• Regularly Review Security Settings: Regularly review your security settings to ensure they are still appropriate.

Conclusion

Building a small network requires careful planning, hardware selection, configuration, and ongoing maintenance. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can create a reliable and secure network that meets your needs. Remember to prioritize security and stay informed about the latest networking technologies and best practices. With a little effort, you can successfully build and manage your own small network.